Nanomaterials with antioxidant properties,obtained via biotechnology,using the solid state biosynthesis

ABSTRACT

Two nano materials type emulsion (EP and EM), that includes two different bioactive metabolites of Monascus sp. were obtained. Prior obtaining the nanoemulsion, tha enatural extracts, P (Monascus sp.1 – parental strain) and M (Monascus sp.2 - modified strain), were conditioned in order to increase their stability and biodisponibility. The new nanomaterials obtained were tested in terms of physical and chemical characteristics, by dynamic light scattering, infrared spectra and thermal analysis. Biological properties was investigated, by determining the effects of these new bio materials on wound healing and by measuring the antioxidant properties. The results obtained reveal the presence of aggregates with dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm, proving that these bioproducts are nano materials. The infrared spectra indicate the presence of benzene metadisubstituted (bands at 881.25 cm^?1 and 880.4 cm^?1 respectively), which are specific to Monascus metabolites Thermal analysis indicate the similarities between the matrix used in conditioning and the final nano products contains Monascus metabolites. The influence of these nano bio products on cicatrisation process was determined by tests on mices. It was concluded that there is small positive effect of the extracellular EP product. In this case, the bio product increase with 3% the rate of cicatrisation process, in comparison with the witness. All the two nano products show a significant antioxidant properties, with specific quenching rate of 97.7%     

Studies of the kinetics and thermochemistry of the forward and reverse reaction Cl + C6H6 = HCl + C6H5

The laser flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique was used to monitor atomic Cl kinetics. Loss of Cl following photolysis of CCl4 and NaCl was used to determine k(Cl + C6H6) = 6.4 x 10(-12) exp(-18.1 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 578-922 K and k(Cl + C6D6) = 6.2 x 10(-12) exp(-22.8 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 635-922 K. Inclusion of literature data at room temperature leads to a recommendation of k(Cl + C6H6) = 6.1 x 10(-11) exp(-31.6 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for 296-922 K. Monitoring growth of Cl during the reaction of phenyl with HCl led to k(C6H5 + HCl) = 1.14 x 10(-12) exp(+5.2 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 294-748 K, k(C6H5 + DCl) = 7.7 x 10(-13) exp(+4.9 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 292-546 K, an approximate k(C6H5 + C6H5I) = 2 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 300-750 K, and an upper limit k(Cl + C6H5I) < or = 5.3 x 10(-12) exp(+2.8 kJ mol(-1)/RT) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) over 300-750 K. Confidence limits are discussed in the text. Third-law analysis of the equilibrium constant yields the bond dissociation enthalpy D(298)(C6H5-H) = 472.1 +/- 2.5 kJ mol(-1) and thus the enthalpy of formation Delta(f)H(298)(C6H5) = 337.0 +/- 2.5 kJ mol(-1).     

Honey from Luso region (Portugal): Physicochemical characteristics and mineral contents

This work was conducted to evaluate the quality of 38 honey samples from Luso region (Portugal), and to study the relation between Eucalyptus pollen and chemical properties of honey. Mean values obtained for physicochemical parameters were: pH 3.83; 16.65% moisture; 80.7 °Brix sugar; 0.35% ash; 419.6 μS cm^− 1 electrical conductivity; 21.5 meq/kg free acidity; 9.6 meq/kg lactonic acidity; 31.2 meq/kg total acidity; 9.41 mg/kg HMF and 18.3° Gothe diastase activity. The mineral content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and in the analysed samples, potassium was the major element, being magnesium the minor one. Mean values obtained were (mg/kg): Ca, 59.88; K, 1150.10; Mg, 35.57; Na, 261.43. Among the overall determined parameters, only Mg, ash and electrical conductivity were influenced by the presence of Eucalyptus pollen in the honey samples: the values obtained for Mg, ash and electrical conductivity in multifloral honey without Eucalyptus were lower than those of either monofloral or multifloral honey with Eucalyptus. The results obtained for physicochemical characteristics of Luso honey indicate a good quality level, adequate processing, good maturity and freshness.     

Rheological behaviour of vitreous humour

The vitreous humour (VH) is a complex biofluid that occupies a large portion of the eyeball between the lens and the retina, and exhibits non-Newtonian rheological properties that are key for its function in the eye. It is often possible to distinguish two different phases in VH, known as liquid and gel phases (Sebag J Eye 1: 254–262, 1987). In this work, we present a detailed rheological characterisation of the two phases of the VH under shear and extensional flow conditions. Healthy New Zealand rabbit eyes were used to measure the surface tension and the shear and extensional rheological properties of VH in different phase conformations and at different times after dissection. The results show that VH liquid phase exhibits a surface tension of 47.8 mN/m, a shear thinning behaviour reaching a viscosity plateau around 10^?3 Pa s for shear rates above ~1000 s^?1, and an average relaxation time of 9.7 ms in extensional flow. Interestingly, both VH phases present higher storage modulus than loss modulus, and the measurements performed with VH gel phase 4?±?1 h after dissection exhibit the highest moduli values. The compliance measurements for the gel phase show a viscoelastic gel behaviour and that compliance values decrease substantially with time after dissection. Our results show that the two VH phases exhibit viscoelastic behaviour, but with distinct rheological characteristics, consistent with a gel phase mostly composed of collagen entangled by hyaluronan and a second phase mainly composed of hyaluronan in aqueous solution.     

Extremes of Integer-Valued Moving Average Models with Regularly Varying Tails

In this paper we study the limiting distribution of the maximum term of non-negative integer-valued moving average sequences of the form X _n = _{i = – i} Z _{n – i} where { Z _n} is an iid sequence of non-negative integer-valued random variables with regularly varying tails, _iZ _n–i denotes binomial thinning. Several models are considered allowing different dependence structures on the thinning operations. For these models we manage to establish results which are similar to the ones obtained for the classic linear moving average: { X _n} > has an extremal index = \max_i{ _i } / ( _i ), where is the index of regular variation, irrespectively of the dependence structure considered. The paper is concluded with a simulation study to illustrate the results.     

Effect of Photobiomodulation on C2C12 Myoblasts Cultivated in M1 Macrophage-conditioned Media

Moderate levels of a proinflammatory macrophages phenotype are indispensable and play an important role in the skeletal muscle repair process since this response depends on their secreted products concentration to influence and modulate muscle inflammation as well as the differentiation of myoblasts. This study investigated the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) on undifferentiated and differentiation-induced C2C12 myoblasts cultivated in different concentrations of M1 phenotype macrophage-conditioned media of J774 cells (MCM1) also submitted to PBM using the same irradiation parameters. Irradiation was performed once with low-level laser (780 nm, 70 mW, 1 J) and was evaluated cell viability, proliferation and differentiation, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and IL-6 and TNF-α protein levels 24 and 48 h after C2C12 irradiation. PBM treatment in undifferentiated myoblasts exhibited lower IL-6 levels in the presence of nonirradiated MCM1 at both concentrations. Myoblasts in proliferation condition cultivated with irradiated MCM1 showed lower IL-6 and TNF-α levels after 48 h in the presence of both concentrations evaluated. PBM induced a decrease in the synthesis of NO on undifferentiated and differentiation-induced myoblasts. PBM was able to reduce the level of proinflammatory protein and markers, which are important to allow the differentiation of myoblasts during the muscle repair process.     

Computational study of the reactions of methanol with the hydroperoxyl and methyl radicals. 1. Accurate thermochemistry and barrier heights

The reactions of CH(3)OH with the HO(2) and CH(3) radicals are important in the combustion of methanol and are prototypes for reactions of heavier alcohols in biofuels. The reaction energies and barrier heights for these reaction systems are computed with CCSD(T) theory extrapolated to the complete basis set limit using correlation-consistent basis sets, both augmented and unaugmented, and further refined by including a fully coupled treatment of the connected triple excitations, a second-order perturbative treatment of quadruple excitations (by CCSDT(2)(Q)), core-valence corrections, and scalar relativistic effects. It is shown that the M08-HX and M08-SO hybrid meta-GGA density functionals can achieve sub-kcal mol(-1) agreement with the high-level ab initio results, identifying these functionals as important potential candidates for direct dynamics studies on the rates of these and homologous reaction systems.     

An Efficient Two‐Step Synthesis of New 5‐Substituted‐1H‐tetrazoles of Biological Interest

A simple procedure for the synthesis and characterization of new 3‐alkoxy‐3‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)propionic acids and 2‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)tetrahydrofuran‐ and ‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐2H‐pyran‐3‐carboxylic acids from the [2 + 3] cycloaddition reactions between the nitrile group of β‐cyanocarboxylic acids with sodium azide in the presence of zinc chloride is described. The tetrazolic acids were isolated in moderate to good yields and are structurally analogous to succinic acid.